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Marine engines are designed to be efficient in a narrower RPM band, since they spend most of their time at one RPM. So cam and ignition tuning is different, and the heads "may" be also
Disagree... marine engines have to be tuned to work over the entire RPM range. Low end torque is incredibly important, especially where it peaks in the RPM range. You can build a 500-hp 350 for an I/O, but it may never get on plane since the torque peak is higher than the "flash stall" of the proper prop.
That doesn't mean they aren't different. At least they should be. If a marine engine makes a good street engine, then it wasn't that great of a marine engine.
Any engine is designed and tuned for it's intended application. If done right, a marine engine and a street engine would necessarily have to be different.
I think you might be surprised. A great I/O engine would be hard to distinguish from a street motor. From the factory, a 350 vortec Mercruiser engine came with 9:1 compression, factory heads, intake, cast crank, stock rods and hypereutectic pistons. Cam specs out to 194/204@.050" with a lift of .457" with a 112 LSA.
Ignition curves are very similar on the mechanical side, but marine engines don't use vacuum advance.