A stock, un-special 260 runs about 8.5:1 compression with 54.5cc heads with teeny-tiny valves. (1.59/1.39)
289 heads were the same, volume-wise, but ran bigger valves (1.67/1.45).
HiPo (k-code) 289s had 49.2cc heads with the same size valves.
Source for all my info:
http://mustangtek.com/heads/Heads.html
That's pretty much the only straightforward way to get a CR bump in a 260. They're hard to find and tend to be kinda spendy, but not ridiculously so because the 289 guys have no shortage of piston options to get high CRs with heads that flow better.
Later Ford and pretty much all aftermarket heads have way bigger combustion chambers (high 50s, mid-60s cc), which I'd assume offer better combustion and flow characteristics.