Update time:
The car still smells like fuel after a fill up. The easy fix would be, of course, "Don't fill it all the way to the top, dumbass", but that wasn't good enough for me.
I finally broke down and ordered a replacement fuel filler hose, figuring that it has gotten old and brittle and was probably the source of a vapor or liquid leak.
I had a hard time finding the the right part number, as it wasn't as obvious as you would expect on the parts diagram. I called Mazdaspeed, confirmed that I was ordering the right item and they had it in my hands the next day for $31.
FYI, my car is a 2000.
I removed the trunk panel and fuel hose cover and loosened the clamps on the old fuel hose. I should note that the fuel gauge was reading about 3/4 full at this point. If you're doing this, make sure it's a bit lower than that.
This was the first sign that I might be on to something...
The fill pipe that feeds the hose is galvanized but there was a bit of rust at the seam where it was welded. Hmmmm...
When I pulled the other end off of the fuel tank inlet, here's what I found:
Also note that you can see the fuel level just inside that pipe. I got very lucky that it was just low enough that I didn't end up with a trunk full of fuel when I removed that end of the hose.
I'm not sure whether to blame ethanol, age or some combination of both, but it was pretty clear that no amount of clamping force on the fifteen year old hose was going to result in a good seal.
Here's a good look at the inside of the hose ends:
I cleaned the tube ends up as well as I could with gray Scotch-Brite (I didn't want to make any sparks) and then coated them with grease to ease installation of the new hose, help it seal better, and to keep future corrosion at bay.
With the new hose in place, all I have to do now is reinstall the cover and carpet.
I'm not ready to proclaim "Problem Solved", but I have a pretty good feeling about this.